What is Sumatra Coffee?

In the end Sumatra was scuttled off the coast of Normandy on 9 June 1944 at Ouistreham as part of a gooseberry pier to protect an artificial Mulberry Harbour built by the Allies as part of Operation Overlord. On 14 February 1951 her wreck was auctioned with other wrecks to be scraped. The Invasion of Sumatra was the assault by Imperial Japanese forces on the Dutch East Indies that took place from 14 February to 28 March 1942. The invasion was part of the Pacific War in South-East Asia during World War II and led to the capture of the island. Sumatra: Fate of Yandi is now in the final 'sprucing' stage and we will be sending it out to testers in the next 2 or 3 weeks hopefully. If you are interested in testing please do let me know via the Contact form. This would involve a rigorous playthrough of the whole game, noting down any bugs, issues or suggestions.

Sumatra refers to a type of coffee grown in Indonesia, specifically in the Sunda islands.

When Sumatra is prepared properly, it is just as intriguing as it is complex. Sumatra isn’t the heaviest bodied coffee out there, but it usually has at least a medium body. Sumatra usually features relatively low acidity that often accompanies darker roasts.

Sumatra Mandheling and Lintong

Two particular Sumatran coffees of note are Sumatra Mandheling and Sumatra Lintong.

Coffee enthusiasts have long held Sumatra Mandheling in high regard as a top coffee from Sumatra. Mandheling is primarily grown in Diari, a region near Lake Toba and tends to have a herbal aroma with notes of licorice and chocolate.

Lintong is also grown in the area of Lake Toba, but additionally in the Lintongnihuta district and in the Kecamatan. Lintong is grown in direct sunlight, without any chemicals. The clay soil Lintong is generally grown in contributes to an earthy flavor profile and woody and herbal notes are also common in Lintong (for example, cedar and sage -like in the Sumatra Lintong we sampled from Peach Roasters!)

Mandheling and Lintong: Often Labeled As “Dry Processed” by Sellers, but its Complicated!

For both of these coffees, the fruit is extracted from a bean using a number of unusual approaches, including a twist on traditional wet processing. Farmers remove the skin from coffee cherry crops immediately after harvesting and then allow the beans to ferment overnight.

For Lintong coffee, the loose fruit pulp gets rinsed off of the beans manually during the day. From there, the coffee with parchment skin gets dried out and, afterwards, the parchment skin is removed.

In contrast, with Mandheling coffee, the fruit pulp dries on beans once removal of skin has commenced (which is the process of partially-washed coffee in Brazil). Most Sumatran coffee is exported out of Medan, the capital city of North Sumatra.

Sumatra: Rich and Low-Toned- But Often Inconsistent

The unusual processing methods of Sumatra result in coffee that varies wildly in quality, but achieves the unique low-toned richness and body characteristic of Sumatra.

Almost all Sumatra enthusiasts love these low-toned characteristics- but have varying individual preferences regarding the specific flavor notes. For instance, earthly Sumatra’s absorb the flavor of clay once they are dried on the ground directly. Musty Sumatra’s absorb a mildew taste, which some coffee enthusiasts are partial to.

However, given the inconsistency in quality, we wanted to sample a number of different Sumatras and assess which we thought were the best. Take a look below to see what we found!

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Our overall winner was Peach Coffee Roasters Sumatra Lintong. As our overall winner, we wanted to go a bit in-depth about our experience with it.

The packaging of Peach Coffee’s Sumatra Lintong lists Pineapple, Cedar, and Sage as three characteristic notes. While the pineapple notes are more subtle, this coffee delivers a spicy, earthy aroma in spades- this is truly a cedar and sage forward coffee!

When grinding this coffee, we found it to be quite dense after weighing. You’ll need relatively less volume per brew.

When Aeropressed, Peach Coffee’s Sumatra Lintong offered the best representation of Sumatra we tried. The balance of cedar and sage encompasses the earthy flavors Sumatra typically aims for, but weren’t overpowering. This Lintong would be great as an everyday cup!

We’d highly recommend trying Peach Coffee’s Sumatra Lintong, particularly if you are trying to understand the characteristic Sumatra flavor profile.

We found Volcanica to be the best Sumatra Mandheling we sampled. It boasts low acidity, full-body, and distinctive notes of spice, brown sugar, and chocolate.

While these coffee beans are somewhat costly, they are medium-roasted consistently and carry Mandheling’s earthly and distinctive herbal taste. They are certified as Rainforest Alliance, shade-grown, and Fair Trade. Best of all, these coffee beans are volcanic soil-grown at an elevated level of 300 feet. This coffee comes with a 100% satisfaction guarantee for customers from Volcanic. The organization promises coffee lovers a compact inventory, and as such, you know that beans will be delivered fresh.

Like many of Peet’s Coffees, this dark roast is somewhat of a crowd pleaser. It is pleasing and balanced with a flavor that is earthy yet sweet. We could easily see this being an everyday cup.

Our only critique of Peet’s would not be of the flavor per se, but that there is a lack of Sumatra-like resonance associated with its sweet smelling profile.

Overall, Peet’s Sumatra is a great tasting coffee and a great value amongst Sumatran coffee.

Starbucks’ Sumatra whole bean coffee (dark roast) was a pretty good coffee. It was a reasonably-priced bulk purchase at a lower price point than Peet’s. It’s taste is both spicy and earthy. Starbucks’ Sumatra would be well tolerated by most coffee drinkers that like dark roasts- it has very unoffensive low-toned notes of herbs and spices with a medium-heavy body that comes across as smooth. Like Peet’s, a criticism of Starbucks’ Sumatra is that it isn’t particularly indicative of classic Sumatran flavor.

This roast is quite dark- a bit too dark in our opinion- and quite oily as a result. We’d recommend carefully watching your extraction time when preparing this coffee- be conscious of amount of coffee you are using, brew time, and pressure.

If you lack a grinder, you can get unopened bags of Starbucks-produced coffee ground for free at any of their locations.

The Dark Sumatra Mandheling is an alright option for whole bean coffee. Though it isn’t as interesting as Volcanica’s Mandheling, Coffee Bean Direct is reasonably priced. A downside is that we only found it in a relatively heavy size (five pounds). This limits the ability to consume it in its freshest form. An airtight, opaque container and a freezer (as we discussed in our article about coffee storage) are musts for buying such a quantity.

This coffee is dark-roasted, with a roast level between French and Italian. It is quite aromatic and smooth with low acidity and is a bit oily. The beans are nut-forward with chocolate flavors, but the flavor isn’t very complex or bold. Still, it did come across as a classic Sumatra. We found this less preferable than Peet’s/Starbucks’ but more akin to a true Sumatra.

From West Sumatra’s jungles come the single origin Koffee Kult Sumatra coffee.

This coffee is deep, syrupy, and rich. Although this was an OK tasting coffee, the batch assessed by us was quite stale. Also, the package did not contain a roast date and lacked any particular aroma. With a price tag of around $10 a pound, this is an option for those in search of a bargain.

Though reasonably priced, we found this particular medium roast to lack of the distinctive first taste of other similar beans. It is minimally bitter and with a bold character, but not especially fresh-tasting. While there are some decent flavor notes, we detected notes of cardboard/paper, which were a distraction.

Be sure to check out our coffee review master list for more GREAT coffees!

The Invasion of Sumatra was the assault by Imperial Japanese forces on the Dutch East Indies that took place from 14 February to 28 March 1942. The invasion was part of the Pacific War in South-East Asia during World War II and led to the capture of the island. The invasion of Sumatra was planned to occur prior to the invasion of Java to destroy the west flank of the allies and to give access to Java.

Background[edit]

After the Japanese successfully conquered the Malay Peninsula, the Allies began to transfer personnel in December 1941 to Sumatra. First British and Australian bombers were moved in relays to the south of the island to recuperate from losses on the Malay peninsula. In addition, a convoy brought about 3,400 Australian soldiers to Sumatra.

In a joint conference on 16 December, the Dutch requested aid to strengthen the defence of Sumatra and Java. Furthermore, plans were made in Sabang to establish Medan and Pekanbaru supply camps. However, these plans were revised on the 27 December, with airfields P1 (Pangkalanbenteng) and P2 (Praboemoelih) near Palembang selected as locations of the new headquarters to station an operational bomber relay. P2 had not been discovered by the Japanese reconnaissance flights up to then. Because of the poor state of the airfields, the relocation began on 31 December; available ground staff arrived at the beginning of January. Another airfield was located in Oosthaven, today's Bandar Lampung. Works on roads were also started in Medan and Pekanbaru. Lack of anti-aircraft guns was remedied with the delivery of six heavy and six light Bofors anti-aircraft guns to each Palembang airfield.^[8] Another eight anti-aircraft guns were placed at the refineries.^[8] However, there was an ammunition shortage, because the ammunition delivery ships had been sunk by the Japanese during the crossing.^[8]

Operation L[edit]

The first Japanese air raid came on 6 February and hit the P1 airfield at Palembang. The Allies lost two Blenheim bombers and four Hurricanes. Two other Hurricanes were damaged. On the ground, the Japanese destroyed two Buffalos. During the attack, the Allies shot down only a single Japanese Nakajima Ki-43. As a countermove, the Allies began night raids against the Japanese lines on the Malay peninsula and provided air protection for refugee convoys from Singapore.

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For Operation 'L', the Japanese army had transported the 229th Infantry Regiment of the 38th Infantry Division from Hong Kong to Cam Ranh Bay in Indo-China. From there, eight transports departed on 9 February 1942, protected by a cruiser, four destroyers, five minesweepers and two submarine hunters under the command of Rear Admiral Shintarō Hashimoto to invade Bangka and Palembang. The next day Rear Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa followed with the Western Covering Fleet, consisting of the flagship cruiser Chōkai with five other cruisers and three destroyers and an Air Group under the command of Rear Admiral Kakaji Kakuta consisting of the aircraft carrier Ryūjō and one destroyer. The bulk of the invasion force followed on 11 February in thirteen transports which were accompanied by a heavy cruiser, a frigate, four destroyers and a submarine hunter.

The Dutch tanker Manvantara was sunk by Japanese aircraft on 13 February 1942 in the Java Sea.^[9] Four Dutch submarines lay in wait at the Anambas Islands; however, these could not reach the Japanese fleet. The transports reached Singapore, and subsequently Allied refugee freighters which were on the move in the direction of Java and Sumatra were attacked by Japanese airplanes from the Ryūjō. Apart from that they also damaged the British light cruiser Durban which had to turn away to Colombo. The Japanese attacked repeatedly with airplanes from the Ryūjō and with land-based bombers from the Genzan aerial unit. Two Allied tankers, a steamboat and many smaller vessels were sunk, another tanker and two transports severely damaged.

At 8 o'clock in the morning on 14 February the air-raid wardens warned Palembang of a big Japanese attack wave which was in flight to the town. All available Allied air forces were at that time on missions to protect the sea convoys and were not in radio reach. Firstly, a wave of Japanese bombers dropped its load on airfield P1, followed by strafing from accompanying fighters. Shortly afterwards, 260 Japanese paratroopers of the First Japanese Airborne Division landed at P1. They came from the captured airfield of Kahang in Malaya. The second wave consisting of 100 paratroopers from Kluang landed shortly afterwards some kilometres to the west of P1 near the refinery.

In defence were only 150 British anti-aircraft men, 110 Dutch soldiers and 75 British ground defence men at P1. While the Japanese piled up vehicles to make road blocks small gun battles broke out with the defenders and some landed airplanes succeeded in refuelling. The airplanes immediately flew to the undiscovered airfield, P2. The headquarters also moved to P2 after news from the refinery and from Palembang arrived. In the afternoon it came to a deadlock. The British still held the airfield, but, their ammunition was short and they were hindered by the street blockade. After a false report of other Japanese parachute landings at about 25 kilometres of distance spread the British commander, H. G. Maguire, decided to evacuate the airfield and the town. On the next day another 100 Japanese landed at the refinery. After a violent fight which continued the whole day, the defenders forced back the Japanese, but the refinery was heavily damaged by machine gun fire and was aflame. Other surrounding smaller facilities had been damaged.

Meanwhile, the escort fleet had sortied under Vice Admiral Ozawa to the north of Bangka to form a far-reaching cover screen for the Japanese landings which took place shortly afterward. A vanguard went ashore on Bangka, while the main units had landed near Palembang at the mouth of the Musi river and advanced on along the river to the town. A defence at the mouth had not been put up by the Dutch because it was judged by them as useless against the artillery fire expected from the ships.

At this time Japanese reconnaissance planes sighted the ABDA fleet, under Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, at Gasperstrasse on a northerly course. On Wavell's order, Doorman had collected the fleet, consisting of the Dutch cruisers De Ruyter, Java and Tromp, as well as the British cruiser Exeter and the Australian light cruiser Hobart with ten destroyers, to the south of Bali and sortied on 14 February in the direction of Sumatra. Japanese fighter aircraft of the Ryūjō and from Malaya attacked the ABDA fleet at midday of the next day and made Doorman pull back all his ships to the south.

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The invasion fleet in the Bangka Strait had also been spotted by British reconnaissance planes from P2. In the early morning 22 Hurricanes, 35 Blenheims and three Hudsons, tried to attack the ships. Nevertheless, they were engaged by Japanese airplanes in violent aerial battles. At P2 the news of the Japanese parachute landing at P1 became known. The commander initiated the preparations for an evacuation of the airfield. Then, however, the later arriving news that P1 had not been given up yet led to the returned machines being prepared at night for a new attack. In the morning fog the Allied fighter aircraft made violent attacks against the Japanese who had just begun their landing at the mouth of the Musi. Japanese airplanes withdrew shortly after the battle began, so that the Allies succeeded in getting direct hits on the transporters. Twenty landing craft were sunk and, besides, hundreds of Japanese were killed. The last Allied results achieved were by Hurricanes attacking unprotected landing craft on the southwest beach of Bangka.

Meanwhile, the Dutch command had sent the order for the destruction of the oil dumps and rubber dumps. The ferries on the Musi should be destroyed within the next hour so they could not be used by the Japanese. Also the defenders of P1 were to start a quick retreat. On the night of 15 February Japanese units, which had survived the air raid at the Musi mouth, reached Palembang and relieved the paratroopers landed at P1 and the refinery.

Field Marshal Archibald Percival Wavell was the Supreme Commander of ABDA.^[10] In the morning of 15 February Wavell arranged a regular retreat to the embarkation of his troops at Oosthaven where several small ships lay in the harbour. There 2,500 British RAF members, 1,890 British infantrymen, 700 Dutch soldiers and about 1,000 civilians were evacuated by means of twelve ships on 17 February. The Australian corvette Burnie covered the retreat and destroyed harbour facilities and oil tanks.^[2] A smaller steamboat lay at anchor a little while longer in the harbour to be able to take up later arriving refugees.

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In the interim the Japanese had completely taken Palembang and had destroyed the oil refineries at two smaller stations. Small troop transporters steamed up the river to Menggala.

All remaining airworthy Allied fighter aircraft were flown out on 16 February. The staff of the airfields proceeded by sea to India. Because the Japanese did not advance for the time being to Oosthaven, a task force went ashore there once again on 20 February to save airplane spare parts as well as to destroy the other usable facilities.

On the 24 February the Japanese reached Gelumbang.

Operation T[edit]

The Allied units remaining on Sumatra, primarily from the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL), withdrew into the middle and northern provinces of the island. The Dutch planned a reconquest of Palembang from there and the expulsion of the Japanese from the island. This was frustrated by an aggressive Japanese pursuit from Palembang with a motorized reconnaissance regiment of approximately 750 men. The outnumbered and retreating forces under Major C.F. Hazenberg numbered only about 350 KNIL regulars in two companies. They were also badly dispersed and could only fight delaying actions, which allowed the better trained and equipped Japanese to rapidly advance. After three weeks, the Japanese were finally contained at Moearatebo on March 2. Dutch reinforcements from Padangpandjang were able to move up when heavy rains made the rivers all but impassable by running 27 feet over their flood gauges. This delay gave local KNIL commanders time to deploy additional units from the middle provinces, thus preventing the retreating units’ flank from being turned.^[11]

March 3–7 saw vicious firefights as Japanese units tried to cross the river. As the offensive ground to a halt, Dutch spies returned with reports of many dead and wounded. They also reported that the regiment now numbered only about 200 men. Buoyed by the reports, Major Hazenberg decided to counterattack on the night of March 8–9. On the 7-8th, several native boats were assembled out of sight and loaded with supplies and ammunition while assault groups formed.^[11] However, on the 8th of March the news of the capitulation of Java arrived, all offensive efforts had to be broken off because Sumatra was dependent on supply deliveries from Java and it was decided to take a defensive course. West Sumatra had to be left to the Japanese and only a small part of the north would be held with the available forces as long as possible, until a sea evacuation could be organised.

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In the retreat the KNIL units destroyed all airfields and harbour facilities. They withdrew into defensive positions at the south entrance of the Alice valley where they planned to detain the Japanese as long as possible.^[11] Should the positions fall, a guerrilla war from the environs was planned. Indeed, it would turn out to be difficult because the population of Sumatra did not cooperate with the Dutch, as a long-standing colonial power, but on the contrary would betray to the Japanese the Dutch positions. This was especially clear when the Dutch wanted to move about 3,000 Europeans and Christian civilians in refugee camps from the coast of Aceh province. A Muslim uprising which broke out shortly after the beginning of the Japanese landings prevented the action.

Operation T began on 28 February when 27 transports with 22,000 soldiers of the Imperial Guard aboard sailed from Singapore. They were split in four convoys and were accompanied by three cruisers, ten destroyers, patrol boats and submarine-defensive units. Because the allied air defence and sea defence was non-existent at that time, they reached north Sumatra absolutely unchecked.^[11]

On 12 March the Kobayashi Detachment took Sabang Island and the airfield at Koetaradja without running into opposition. Yoshida Detachment had landed south of Idi with a single infantry battalion with orders to seize the Lantja and Pangkalan Brandan oilfields. It would then drive south towards Medan and apply pressure on Dutch positions there. The main force landed about four miles northwest of Tandjoengtiram. It was to drive along the PematangSiantar-Balige-Taroetoeng Highway and cut off any KNIL forces attempting to withdraw from Medan and also to drive north to Medan and seize the airfield there.^[11]

Sumatra fell on 28 March when the Dutch Major General R. T. Overakker with 2,000 soldiers surrendered near the town of Kutatjane in North Sumatra.^[1] Many Allied prisoners were forced by the Japanese to construct a railroad line between Pekanbaru and Moera.^[12] (Overakker together with other officers of the KNIL in captivity were shot in 1945 in view of the impending defeat of the Japanese.)^[1]

Notes[edit]

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1. ^ ^abcL, Klemen (1999–2000). 'Major-General Roelof T. Overakker'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
2. ^ ^abcL, Klemen (1999–2000). 'The Japanese Invasion of Sumatra Island'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. Archived from the original on 2012-12-03.
3. ^L, Klemen (1999–2000). 'Rear-Admiral Karel W.F.M. Doorman'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
4. ^L, Klemen (1999–2000). 'Vice-Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
5. ^L, Klemen (1999–2000). 'Rear-Admiral Shintaro Hashimoto'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
6. ^L, Klemen (1999–2000). 'Rear-Admiral Kakaji Kakuta'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25.
7. ^L, Klemen (1999–2000). 'Lieutenant-General Hitoshi Imamura'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
8. ^ ^abcL, Klemen (1999–2000). 'The Battle for Palembang, February 1942'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
9. ^L, Klemen (1999–2000). 'Allied Merchant Ship Losses in the Pacific and Southeast Asia'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
10. ^L, Klemen (1999–2000). 'General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
11. ^ ^abcdeWomack, Tom (1999–2000). 'An Abandoned Army - The KNIL and The Japanese Invasion of Northern Dutch Sumatra'. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
12. ^'The Sumatra 'Death-Railway''. Children and Families of the Far East Prisoners of War 1941-1945 (COFEPOW). Archived from the original on 2009-02-09.

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References[edit]

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• Womack, Tom (2006). Dutch Naval Air Force Against Japan: The Defense of the Netherlands East Indies, 1941-1942. McFarland & Company. ISBN0-7864-2365-X.
• Tarling, Nicholas (2001). A Sudden Rampage: The Japanese Occupation of South East Asia. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN1-85065-584-7.